SERVICE RESERVOIRS
Water supply sources, such as wells or water treatment plants, operate best at steady, design rates over relatively longer periods of time. However, demand in the distribution system constantly fluctuates....
RECORDS AND REPORTS
A record system has to be developed which should be realistic and applicable to the operating problems involved in the Transmission system. Management must be clear as to why the data/...
Scraping and Relining
Scraping and relining is applicable to old tuberculated CI mains, which are structurally sound. Pipe scraping methods include drag scraping, power boring and pressure scraping..Pigs or aggressive swabs...
Advantages and disadvantages of Swabbing
The advantages of swabbing of pipeline are :
The technique is simple and cheap,
It is free from mechanical gadgets,
It does not require much opening of the trenches, if adequate facilities are provided...
Procedure for Cleaning with Swab
In distribution systems where hydrants are connected vertically above a main without a duck- foot bend, the insertion of swab and expulsion from the pipe are carried out at the hydrants. In situations,...
Cleaning of Pipes
Cleaning of Pipes
The necessity for systematic and periodic cleaning of pipelines is borne out by the fact that the carrying capacity of the pipes gets reduced due to growth of slimes, incrustations or...
Reduction in Carrying Capacity
Reduction in Carrying Capacity
The carrying capacity of the pipeline depends on the diameter and the Hazen-Williams C-value, which is proportional to the smoothness of the interior surface of the pipe. Due to...
Degradation of Water Quality
Degradation of water quality
Entry of subsoil or contaminated water through leaky pipes and joints especially in intermittent system may cause the degradation of water quality in the water distribution system....
Controlling Water Leakage and Wastage
Some of the following actions will be useful in controlling the leakage and wastage.
During construction:
metering of all consumers’ connections,
introduction of realistic tariffs,
use of non-...
Problems in Water Supply Distribution System
The problems normally faced in water supply distribution system are:
Un-accounted for water (Leakage and Wastage of water),
Degradation of quality of water,
Reduction in carrying capacity, and
Inadequate...
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Operation & Maintenance Of Distribution System.
A water distribution system is not just pipes and valves, but rather like a living organism — a dynamic, sensitive, complex entity that must be...
INFILTRATION WELLS
Infiltration well or sunk well is only the inter position of a masonry or concrete barrel into such a formation so as to intercept as large a quantity of water as possible. Infiltration wells are generally...
Operation and Maintenance of Transmission
Main breaks
Pipeline bursts/ main breaks can occur at any time and the maintenance wing shall have a plan for attending to such events. This plan must be written down, disseminated to all concerned and the...
Leak Detection and Rectification
Leak detection and rectification programme has a significant role in the O & M of the distribution system. It is required not only from the point of saving water lost by leakage but also on account of...
Water Boon
Water Boon
water owes most of its properties to a very strong mutual bonding ( attraction) among its molecules. This strength is called hydrogen bonding. Because of it, water is normally in the liquid state,...
OBJECTIVES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The objectives of the water distribution system are to supply water equitably to the consumers with sufficient pressure so as to discharge the water at the desired location within the premises. A water...
DUG WELLS
DUG WELLS
Dug wells or open wells are constructed by open excavation to tap the unconfined aquifer and have restricted application in semi permeable hard formation. The depth and diameter of the dug well are...
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