Water
Water is used for industrial and municipal purposes. The largest water requirement is for municipal use but the standard of purity required for this purpose is quite different from that demanded for industrial...
Corrosion and Protection of Metals
Most metals (with the exception of noble metals such as Au, Pt) exist in nature in such combined forms as their oxides, carbonates, hydroxy carbonates, sulfides, chlorides and silicates. These are reduced to...
Water Pollution
WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution may be defined as the addition of any substance (pollutant) to water resource which may change the physical and chemical characteristics in any way which may interfere with its...
Defluoridation
Effects of Excess Concentration of Fluoride in Water
Fluoride which is naturally in groundwater in concentrations ranging from 0.1 mg/L to 10 mg/L. The chemical originates in several minerals. As...
Sedimendation
Purpose Of Sedimentation
Sedimentation is a unit operation to settle out the suspended particles and flocs in water. This is achieved by lowering the velocity of the water below the suspension velocity to...
CORROSION
Corrosion is the rusting of metal in pipes or tanks due to the corrosive action of either water or soil. Scales are deposits caused by the deposition of calcium carbonate on the inner surface of pipes or...
Corrosion Control Methods
Chemical Treatment
Treatment of corrosive water can be either chemical or physical. Chemicals used in the treatment are either meant to stabilize the water, to form a protective film on the pipe surface, or...
Corrosion Indicators
The most common indicators of corrosion in the distribution system are red water complaints and leaks. If the incidence of these problems increases in a certain area of the distribution system, then some...
Types of Corrosion
Types of Corrosion
Corrosion can occur on the outside of a pipe (due to corrosive soil) or on the inside of a pipe (due to corrosive water.) Either outside or inside a pipe, the creation of the corrosion cell...
Effects of Corrosion and Scaling
Effects of Corrosion
Corrosion, like that shown below, can cause economic, health, and aesthetic problems.
corrossion of interior of pipes
Economic problems result from damage to pipes, storage tanks,...
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