Water
Water is used for industrial and municipal purposes. The largest water requirement is for municipal use but the standard of purity required for this purpose is quite different from that demanded for industrial...
SEWAGE TREATMENT OPERATIONS AND PROCESSES
1 Physical Unit Operations
In the physical unit operations physical forces are utilized in some units for the removal of solid contaminants. The physical unit operations are:
Screening
Mixing
Flocculation
...
Types Of Sedimentation Basin
The common types of sedimentation basins are
rectangular basins,
square or circular basins and
Solid contact clarifiers.
Rectangular Basins
Rectangular basin showing Inlet& outlet
Rectangular basins are...
Types of Coagulation
TYPES OF COAGULANTS
Coagulant chemicals come in two main types – primary coagulants and coagulant aids. Primary coagulants neutralize the electrical charges of particles in the water which causes the...
Test for Residual Chlorine
The amount of residual chlorine left in the chlorinated water after the required contact period, can be experimentally determined by using any of the following tests:
Orthotolidine test
...
Chlorine Room
Chloric house should have to following features:
The chlorine cylinders and feeders should be housed in an isolated room, easily accessible, close to point of application and convenient for truck loading...
CHLORINATORS
Hypochlorinators
The simplest method of continuous chlorination of water supply systems for a water flow of less than 200 Lpm is by the use of a hypochlorinator. Hypochlorinators are motor driven pumps which...
CHLORINATION
Adding chlorine gas or liquid or powder to water and get bacteria and micro organisim free Drinking water.
This is very low cost process and effective but risky compare with others process in the...
EFFICIENCY OF DISINFECTION
The efficiency of the disinfection depends upon the following factors:
Nature of the disinfectant,
Dose of the disinfectant,
Length of contact time with the disinfectant,
Temperature,
Type and concentration...
TYPES OF DISINFECTANT
Types of chemical disinfectants containing chlorine are hypochlorite, chloramines, and chlorine-dioxide.
Hypochlorites
Instead of using chlorine gas, some plants apply chlorine to water as a hypochlorite,...
CHLORINE AS DISINFECTANT
Chlorine (CI) gas is a greenish yellow in colour and about 2.5 times heavier than air. Liquid chlorine is amber coloured and about 1.44 times heavier than water. CI gas is moderately soluble in water with a...
WHAT IS DISINFECTION ?
Disinfection is the process of selectively destroying or inactivating pathogenic organisms present in water, usually by chemical means. Disinfection aims in reducing the organisms in water to such low levels...
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