Defluoridation
Effects of Excess Concentration of Fluoride in Water
Fluoride which is naturally in groundwater in concentrations ranging from 0.1 mg/L to 10 mg/L. The chemical originates in several minerals. As...
Environment Chemistry
What is Environment ?
Environment is defined as” the aggregate of surrounding things, conditions, or influences such as water, land, air, space and sun ”. To use the word environment alone is...
Sludge Disposal
The sludge which is found in the bottom of a sedimentation tank in water treatment plant is primarily composed of water. The solids in the sludge are mainly flocs, excess coagulant, such as alum. Alum sludge...
EFFICIENCY OF DISINFECTION
The efficiency of the disinfection depends upon the following factors:
Nature of the disinfectant,
Dose of the disinfectant,
Length of contact time with the disinfectant,
Temperature,
Type and concentration...
Advantages and Disadvantages of Water Softening
Advantages of water Softening are:
Softening will deal with the problems caused by hard water such as excessive soap use and scaling.
Depending on the type of softening process used, softening may also...
Water Softening Conditioning Process
Softening is the removal of hardness from water. This is not a required part of the domestic water treatment process since hard water does not have any health consequences. At a hardness of greater than 300...
Water Softner
What is Hardness?
Hardness is caused by hard water containing high concentration of calcium and magnesium ions. Water is considered to be hard if it has a hardness of 100 mg/L or more as calcium carbonate....
Operation and Maintenance of Pumps and Plumbing station
Operation and Maintenance of Pumps and Pumping Stations
The preventive maintenance procedures related to pumps and pumping stations are listed below:
i. Inspect pump station daily to
determine pump condition,...
Operation and Maintenance for Water Supply Systems
1.TERMINOLOGY
Operation of water supply system is timely and daily operation of the components of a water supply system such as headworks, treatment plant, machinery and equipment, transmission mains, service...
CORROSION
Corrosion is the rusting of metal in pipes or tanks due to the corrosive action of either water or soil. Scales are deposits caused by the deposition of calcium carbonate on the inner surface of pipes or...
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