Defluoridation
Effects of Excess Concentration of Fluoride in Water
Fluoride which is naturally in groundwater in concentrations ranging from 0.1 mg/L to 10 mg/L. The chemical originates in several minerals. As...
TYPES OF DISINFECTANT
Types of chemical disinfectants containing chlorine are hypochlorite, chloramines, and chlorine-dioxide.
Hypochlorites
Instead of using chlorine gas, some plants apply chlorine to water as a hypochlorite,...
Water Softening Conditioning Process
Softening is the removal of hardness from water. This is not a required part of the domestic water treatment process since hard water does not have any health consequences. At a hardness of greater than 300...
Water Softner
What is Hardness?
Hardness is caused by hard water containing high concentration of calcium and magnesium ions. Water is considered to be hard if it has a hardness of 100 mg/L or more as calcium carbonate....
Operation and Maintenance Manuals for Water Treatment Plants
Operation and Maintenance Manuals
Preparation of Operation and Maintenance manual consisting of features of O&M of individual components of the water supply system is necessary for adopting in the O&M...
Operation and Maintenance for Water Supply Systems
1.TERMINOLOGY
Operation of water supply system is timely and daily operation of the components of a water supply system such as headworks, treatment plant, machinery and equipment, transmission mains, service...
CORROSION
Corrosion is the rusting of metal in pipes or tanks due to the corrosive action of either water or soil. Scales are deposits caused by the deposition of calcium carbonate on the inner surface of pipes or...
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