DUG WELLS
DUG WELLS
Dug wells or open wells are constructed by open excavation to tap the unconfined aquifer and have restricted application in semi permeable hard formation. The depth and diameter of the dug well are...
SURFACE WATER SOURCE
A surface water source includes all tributary streams and rivers, natural lakes and artificial reservoirs or impound.
1. Quantity
The quantity of water at the source shall be:
adequate to supply the...
Environment Chemistry
What is Environment ?
Environment is defined as” the aggregate of surrounding things, conditions, or influences such as water, land, air, space and sun ”. To use the word environment alone is...
Zones of Sedimentation Basin
Sedimentation basins have 4 zones
1. The Inlet zone,
2. The Settling zone,
3. The Sludge zone, and
4. The Outlet zone.
Each zone should provide a smooth transition between the zone before and the zone...
Health Effects of Water Quality Parameters
Health Effects of Water Quality Parameters are summarized below
Health Effects of Water Quality...
Water Quality Standards
Recommended Guidelines for Physical and Chemical water quality standards as per BIS (IS 10500:1983 ) and per CPHEEO Manual on water supply and treatment are furnished below,
Recommended Guidelines for...
Water Quality
Some medical instrumentation, Surgery, Dental, Pharmacy Lab etc., using Deionized or Distillation process to get their required water quality.
They are recommended for below 10...
Water Resources
WATER RESOURCES
Need and Importance of Water
According to the theory of evolution, life began with water. Water comprises 70% of the human body. It is the basis for life in any ecosystem because it...
When to clean the filter ?
When to clean the filter?
Three factors can be considered to assess when a filter needs backwashing.
Filter run reaches a given hour of operation.
The head loss is so high that the filter no longer produces...
Reverse Osmosis (RO)
Reverse Osmosis (RO) involves water being forced under pressure through a semipermeable membrane. Temporary and permanent hardness , Total Dissolved Soilds (TDS), Microorganisims and other bio germs...
Ion Exchange Softening
The other method commonly used for water softening is ion exchange softening, also known as zeolite softening. shows below the ion exchange softener. Ion exchange softening exchanges calcium and magnesium...
Water Softening Conditioning Process
Softening is the removal of hardness from water. This is not a required part of the domestic water treatment process since hard water does not have any health consequences. At a hardness of greater than 300...
Water Softner
What is Hardness?
Hardness is caused by hard water containing high concentration of calcium and magnesium ions. Water is considered to be hard if it has a hardness of 100 mg/L or more as calcium carbonate....
Operation and Maintenance Manuals for Water Treatment Plants
Operation and Maintenance Manuals
Preparation of Operation and Maintenance manual consisting of features of O&M of individual components of the water supply system is necessary for adopting in the O&M...
Operation and Maintenance for Water Supply Systems
1.TERMINOLOGY
Operation of water supply system is timely and daily operation of the components of a water supply system such as headworks, treatment plant, machinery and equipment, transmission mains, service...
CORROSION
Corrosion is the rusting of metal in pipes or tanks due to the corrosive action of either water or soil. Scales are deposits caused by the deposition of calcium carbonate on the inner surface of pipes or...
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