Distillation
Distillation involves the evaporation of water. The evaporated water leaves behind all hardness compounds and becomes soft. Distillation plants produce a high-quality product water that ranges from 1.0 to 50...
Sedimendation
Purpose Of Sedimentation
Sedimentation is a unit operation to settle out the suspended particles and flocs in water. This is achieved by lowering the velocity of the water below the suspension velocity to...
Reverse Osmosis (RO)
Reverse Osmosis (RO) involves water being forced under pressure through a semipermeable membrane. Temporary and permanent hardness , Total Dissolved Soilds (TDS), Microorganisims and other bio germs...
Water Softening Conditioning Process
Softening is the removal of hardness from water. This is not a required part of the domestic water treatment process since hard water does not have any health consequences. At a hardness of greater than 300...
Water Softner
What is Hardness?
Hardness is caused by hard water containing high concentration of calcium and magnesium ions. Water is considered to be hard if it has a hardness of 100 mg/L or more as calcium carbonate....
Operation and Maintenance Manuals for Water Treatment Plants
Operation and Maintenance Manuals
Preparation of Operation and Maintenance manual consisting of features of O&M of individual components of the water supply system is necessary for adopting in the O&M...
Operation and Maintenance for Water Supply Systems
1.TERMINOLOGY
Operation of water supply system is timely and daily operation of the components of a water supply system such as headworks, treatment plant, machinery and equipment, transmission mains, service...
CORROSION
Corrosion is the rusting of metal in pipes or tanks due to the corrosive action of either water or soil. Scales are deposits caused by the deposition of calcium carbonate on the inner surface of pipes or...
Corrosion Indicators
The most common indicators of corrosion in the distribution system are red water complaints and leaks. If the incidence of these problems increases in a certain area of the distribution system, then some...
Electrodialysis
Electrodialysis
Electrodialysis (ED) and electro dialysis reversal (EDR) employ specially prepared reverse osmosis membranes which are semipermeable to ions based on their charge, and they...
Desalination
Desalination is a process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater, brackish water, or treated wastewater. Desalination plants may use seawater (directly from the ocean...
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