Water
Water and its necessary The world having almost 70 % water and its we can able to drinking water is 1% only. Thats why…
Read article →A free engineering reference · since 2009
Water & wastewater treatment, explained by people who run the plants.
A practical field reference for students and engineers — process theory, plant design, worked examples and the day-to-day judgement that textbooks leave out.
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- in-depth guides
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- topic areas
- 1995
- publishing since
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- no paywall, ever
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Start with a topic
Nine areas, from raw-water chemistry to full plant design. Each opens a curated set of guides.
66 guides
Sewage Treatment
Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater.
33 guidesWater Treatment
Filtration, coagulation and the unit processes that make water potable.
27 guidesWater
Sources, chemistry and the physical properties behind every process.
16 guidesWater Analysis
Sampling, testing and reading the parameters that define quality.
13 guidesDisinfection
Chlorination, UV and ozone at the final barrier.
9 guidesSoftener
Removing hardness with ion exchange and lime–soda.
6 guidesDesalination
Reverse osmosis and thermal routes to fresh water.
7 guidesCorrosion
Why plant and pipework fail — and how to slow it.
Read something new
A rotating selection of articles pulled at random from the library, with brief summaries so you can dive straight into the right guide.
WATER HARDNESS
Temporary and Permanent Hardness For convenience, hard water is classified as Temporary Hardness and Permanent Hardness Temporary Hardness: Temporary hardness is due to the…
Read article →Water Pollution
WATER POLLUTION Water pollution may be defined as the addition of any substance (pollutant) to water resource which may change the physical and chemical…
Read article →RO Water Treatment Plant
Reverse Osmosis Plant Simple Process RO water treatment Plant Process Reverse osmosis RO water treatment plant process is that allows the removal of unwanted…
Read article →The treatment train
From raw water to the tap, in six stages
Every plant is a sequence of barriers. Follow the flow — each stage links to the guides that explain it.
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01
Intake & Screening
Raw water enters; bar screens and grit channels remove debris.
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02
Coagulation
Coagulants destabilise fine particles into settleable floc.
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03
Sedimentation
Floc settles out under gravity in clarifiers.
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04
Filtration
Rapid sand and media beds polish the remaining turbidity.
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05
Disinfection
Chlorine, UV or ozone inactivate the remaining pathogens.
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06
Distribution
Treated water is pumped to storage and the network.
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