Determination of Sulphate Sulphate ions in water present usually in the form of compounds like CaSO4,MgSO4,Na2SO4 etc.  The determination of sulphate ions is water in based on the fact that when water is treated in cold with benzidine hydrochloride solution, the sulphate ions get precipitated as...

Estimation of  Water Hardness The estimation of water hardness as applied to boiler water and other water is great interest for the chemical industry in general.the determination of water hardness has always been an especially important factor in the manufacturing control of sugar industry,...

Chloride Analysis  Chloride the chloride ions remain presents in the water in the form of one or more of the compounds like CaCl2, MgCl2,NaCl and etc. The estimation of chloride ions is generally, made by titrating the water sample against a standard solution of silver nitrate using potassium...

Alkalinity in Water Alkalinity means the find the amount of acid  neutralizing in water. Alkalinity is the total of all bases that occupying in the water and basically find in carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide. More alkalinity level can make scale formation. Total Alkalinity maximum level is...

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER This involves tests for the Determination of Total solids in water treatments Total solids  are considered to be the sum of dissolved and suspended solids. In water sources, the dissolved solids, which usually predominate, consist mainly of inorganic salts, small amount...

Water analysis Estimation of Hardness of water :  Hardness of water is conveniently expressed in terms of dissolved salts of calcium, magnesium and iron—calculated as parts of CaCO3 equivalent per million parts of water (ppm). If a sample of water contains Ts parts of calcium carbonate...

Temporary and Permanent Hardness For convenience, hard water is classified as Temporary Hardness and Permanent Hardness Temporary Hardness: Temporary hardness is due to the presence of soluble bicarbonates of calcium, magnesium and iron in water. Permanent Hardness: Permanent hardness  is caused...

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WATER POLLUTION Water pollution may be defined as the addition of any substance (pollutant) to water resource which may change the physical and chemical characteristics in any way which may interfere with its use for legitimate purposes. Causes for Water Pollution The water pollution may be caused...

What is Environment  Chemistry ? Environment is defined as ” the aggregate of surrounding things, conditions, or influences such as water, land, air, space and sun ”. To use the word environment alone is to risk confusion with every stretched use from the social environment,...

Health Effects of Water Quality Parameters are summarized below Health Effects of Water Quality...

Recommended Guidelines for Physical and Chemical water quality standards as per BIS (IS 10500:1983 ) and per CPHEEO Manual on water supply and treatment are furnished below, Recommended Guidelines for Phyisical and Chemical Parameters Recommended Guidelines for Toxic Materials Recommended...

Some medical instrumentation, Surgery, Dental, Pharmacy Lab etc., using Deionized or Distillation process to get their required water quality. They are recommended for below 10...