Effects of Excess Concentration of Fluoride : Fluoride  which is naturally in groundwater in concentrations ranging from 0.1 mg/L to 10 mg/L. The chemical originates in several minerals. As groundwater...

Softener Water TreatmentWhat is Hardness? Hardness is caused by hard water containing high concentration of calcium and magnesium ions. Water is considered to be hard if it has a hardness of 100 mg/L or more...

 Corrosion in Water Treatment EquipmentCorrosion is the rusting of metal in pipes or tanks due to the corrosive action of either water or soil. Scales are deposits caused by the deposition of calcium...

What is Environment  Chemistry ? Environment is defined as ” the aggregate of surrounding things, conditions, or influences such as water, land, air, space and sun ”. To use the word...

The sludge which is found in the bottom of a sedimentation tank in water treatment plant is primarily composed of water. The solids in the sludge are mainly flocs, excess coagulant, such as alum. Alum sludge...

The efficiency of the disinfection depends upon the following factors:Nature of the disinfectant,Dose of the disinfectant,Length of contact time with the disinfectant,Temperature,Type and concentration...

Advantages of water Softening are:Water Softening will deal with the problems caused by hard water such as excessive soap use and scaling.Depending on the type of water softening process used, softening may...

Water Softener is mainly using  for making soft water.Softener Operation Process:Softener Parts: Softener Designs:Softening is the removal of hardness from water. This is not a required part of the...

Operation and Maintenance of Pumps and Pumping StationsThe preventive maintenance procedures related to pumps and pumping stations are listed below:i. Inspect pump station daily toDetermine pump condition,...