The problems normally faced in  water supply distribution system are: Un-accounted for water (Leakage and Wastage of water), Degradation of quality of water, Reduction in carrying capacity, and Inadequate pressures at tail ends of the system Un-Accounted For Water Un-accounted for water (UFW)...

Operation &  Maintenance  Of  Distribution System. A water distribution system is not just pipes and valves, but rather like a living organism — a dynamic, sensitive, complex entity that must be operated properly to maintain safe and good quality water at the customer’s tap.To be...

Infiltration well or sunk well is only the inter position of a masonry or concrete barrel into such a formation so as to intercept as large a quantity of water as possible. Infiltration wells are generally proposed in the river bank, riverbed or lakebed to tap water from the unconfined aquifer....

Main breaks Pipeline bursts/ main breaks can occur at any time and the maintenance wing shall have a plan for attending to such events. This plan must be written down, disseminated to all concerned and the agency must always be in readiness to implement the plan immediately after the pipe break is...

Water Leak detection and rectification Leak Detection and rectification in water and its related water treatment department program has a significant role in the Operation & Maintenance of  the water distribution system. It is required not only from the point of saving water lost by leakage...

Water Boon water owes most of its properties to a very strong mutual bonding ( attraction) among its molecules. This strength is called hydrogen bonding. Because of it, water is normally in the liquid state, not a solid or ice. it expands while freezing and that is why ice always flots on...

The objectives of the water distribution system are to supply water equitably to the consumers with sufficient pressure so as to discharge the water at the desired location within the premises. A water distribution system consists of a network of pipelines of various sizes with control valves for...

DUG WELLS Dug wells or open wells are constructed by open excavation to tap the unconfined aquifer and have restricted application in semi permeable hard formation. The depth and diameter of the dug well are decided with reference to the area of seepage exposed for intercepting the required yield...

Water Treatment Supply System 1.The role of Voluntary/ NGOs can be important especially in the creation of public awareness on matters like water conservation, proper use of water by people and the need to pay price of water at affordable level. Water users’ committees can be formed by active...

CLASSIFICATION OF WELLS  Wells are the devices required for abstracting water from the groundwater sources. In groundwater development, the choice of well type, method of execution, the proper spacing of wells and probable yield are all issues / problems, whose solutions are more or less dependent...

Sources of water supply In nature water occurs abundantly as: water vapour in the atmosphere, as liquid water in inland waters and the ocean, as ice in polar regions, and as water of hydration in many rocks and minerals in the earth’s crust. Water Supply Sources The original source of all...

Water is used for industrial and municipal purposes. The largest water requirement is for municipal use but the standard of purity required for this purpose is quite different from that demanded for industrial and commercial use. water conserving in housing In industry more than half the water is...

Global Surface Water Source. A surface water source includes all tributary streams and rivers, natural lakes and artificial reservoirs or impound. 1. Quantity of Water The quantity of water at the source shall be: Adequate to supply the treatment of water demand of the town or city. Reasonable...