Cleaning of PipesThe necessity for systematic and periodic cleaning of pipelines is borne out by the fact that the carrying capacity of the pipes gets reduced due to growth of slimes, incrustations or deposits. Pipeline cleaning techniques include flushing, swabbing, jetting and scraping. Flushing...

Reduction in Carrying CapacityThe carrying capacity of the pipeline depends on the diameter and the Hazen-Williams C-value, which is proportional to the smoothness of the interior surface of the pipe. Due to deposition of solids with time, the interior surface may be deteriorated and incrusted; in...

Degradation of water qualityEntry of subsoil or contaminated water through leaky pipes and joints especially in intermittent system may cause the degradation of water quality in the water distribution system. At the dead ends of the system accumulated solids may aid the biological organisms, which...

How to avoid  Leakage in Water LineSome of the following actions will be useful in controlling the leakage and wastage.During construction:metering of all consumers’ connections,introduction of realistic tariffs,use of non- corrodible quality materials for house service...

The problems normally faced in  water supply distribution system are:Un-accounted for water (Leakage and Wastage of water),Degradation of quality of water,Reduction in carrying capacity, andInadequate pressures at tail ends of the systemUn-Accounted For WaterUn-accounted for water (UFW)...

Operation &  Maintenance  Of  Distribution System.A water distribution system is not just pipes and valves, but rather like a living organism — a dynamic, sensitive, complex entity that must be operated properly to maintain safe and good quality water at the customer’s tap.To be...

Infiltration well or sunk well is only the inter position of a masonry or concrete barrel into such a formation so as to intercept as large a quantity of water as possible. Infiltration wells are generally proposed in the river bank, riverbed or lakebed to tap water from the unconfined aquifer....

Main breaksPipeline bursts/ main breaks can occur at any time and the maintenance wing shall have a plan for attending to such events. This plan must be written down, disseminated to all concerned and the agency must always be in readiness to implement the plan immediately after the pipe break is...

Water Leak detection and rectificationLeak Detection and rectification in water and its related water treatment department program has a significant role in the Operation & Maintenance of  the water distribution system. It is required not only from the point of saving water lost by leakage...